In exceptional cases, pneumococcus can express

2. 4. Pneumococcus

S. pneumonia is optionally anaerobic gram-positive bacteria,

, appearing as a pair (dyplokokkov)

or short chains of lancet shape organisms on microscopy. Under the microscope

, pneumococcus no controversy, no vacuoles, no apparent grain >> << without flagella, and is fixed (

]). Colony morphology on blood agar, usually smooth, shiny,

flat and circular like. Colony size ranges from 0. 5 and 1. 5

mm. - Phenotype pneumococcus varies spontaneously

and is expressed, such as changing the phase of the colony opacity

(

]). Colony opacity seems to correlate with virulence and adherence

pneumococcus (

]). Pneumococcus three surface layers: plasma membrane, cell wall and

capsule. As in other gram-positive bacteria cell wall

consists of peptidoglycan and teyhoevye acid. The predominant component >> << teyhoevye acid C-polysaccharide, which is covalently bound to the

peptidoglycan layer (

]). The most distinctive morphological

feature pneumococcus is the outer layer >> << its cell wall, capsule (

]). To date, 90 different capsular types have been described for

S. pneumonia. Some types

are antigenically related to each other and the following types of related

included in the group (

]).

Capsular polysaccharide (CAPS) are composed of repeating oligosaccharides,

, and for most of them the exact chemical structure is known. Degree

cross-reactivity between species within the group may strattera cost be different, eg

6A and 6B are widely cross reactive, 19F and 19A are clearly

less cross-reactive (

]) . - Media Type

culture can influence the expression of capsular polysaccharide

(

]). In exceptional cases, pneumococcus can express

Two capsular polysaccharides (

]

]). C-polysaccharide (CPS) consists of repetitive pentasaharid

unit of ribitol phosphate bond, and contains fosforilholinom

(

]). Antibodies reacting with definers fosforilholinom >> << induced in mice and rabbits following immunization with pneumococci,

especially when nonencapsulated mutants used (

]). Pneumococcal antigens include proteins autolysin (Summer), pneumolysin

(Normal), Pneumococcal surface protein (PVNS) and pneumococcal surface

adhezyny (PSAA) (

]). Pneumolysin is toxic

intracellular protein that is secreted by avtolyza. Rule may

interfere directly with opsonisation, phagocytosis, and killing

pneumococci in the army. Protein antigens are common to virtually all

serotypes and has been shown to cause immune response in research

animals and humans (

]). Thus,

they offer an alternative approach to develop new vaccines pneumococcal.

Genetic plasticity plays a central role in biology

pneumococcus. This is reflected not only the existence of >> << 90 different capsular types, as well as rapid emergence

of resistant strains of pneumococcus penicillin. Natural genetic transformation

is important for the plasticity; capsule type can be enabled by converting

intraspecific and interspecies transformation

responsible for the resistant strains (

]). In serologic tests and antigen detection of false positives >> << diagnostic data are possible due to cross-reactions between pneumococci and

Escherichia coli, Klebsiella

SPP. and

staphylococci and α-hemolytic streptococcus (

] -]). -

Molecular biology and pathogenetic aspects of pneumococcus in

recently been reviewed elsewhere (

]). .